{"id":20548,"date":"2020-12-27T10:37:00","date_gmt":"2020-12-27T09:37:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/avoloi.eu\/?p=20548"},"modified":"2020-12-27T10:37:00","modified_gmt":"2020-12-27T09:37:00","slug":"faux-escroquerie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/avoloi.fr\/blog\/faux-escroquerie\/","title":{"rendered":"Faux et escroquerie | Cumul des qualifications"},"content":{"rendered":"

On distingue l’escroquerie, l\u2019infraction de faux, l\u2019alt\u00e9ration de la v\u00e9rit\u00e9 sur support, et l\u2019usage de faux. Dans un arr\u00eat du 9 septembre 2020<\/a>, la chambre criminelle de la Cour de cassation revient sur la question du cumul qualifications. Cette question se pose lorsqu\u2019un m\u00eame fait mat\u00e9riel est susceptible de faire l\u2019objet de plusieurs qualifications<\/p>\n

Le principe qui gouverne est celui du non-cumul des qualifications, selon la formule Ne bis in idem. Pourtant, la Cour admet que ce principe ne s\u2019oppose pas \u00e0 ce qu\u2019une m\u00eame action puisse \u00eatre constitutive de plusieurs faits distincts. Dans ce cas il y a donc de qualifications multiples. Cette d\u00e9cision vient nourrir la jurisprudence du concours r\u00e9el de qualifications, par opposition au concours id\u00e9al.<\/p>\n

Comment analyser une situation dans laquelle plusieurs faits mat\u00e9riels sont indissociables d\u2019une seule intention coupable ? Doit-on l\u2019envisager sous un angle unique ou peut-on morceler les faits ? Le fait de faire un faux peut-il \u00eatre analys\u00e9 distinctement de celui d\u2019en faire usage\u00a0?<\/p>\n

Refus du cumul des qualifications<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Le principe selon lequel un m\u00eame fait ne peut recevoir plusieurs qualifications est constant en jurisprudence. Pourtant, les juges semblent distinguer les hypoth\u00e8ses de concours id\u00e9al et de concours r\u00e9el de qualifications.<\/p>\n

Principe de Ne bis in idem<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Le principe ne bis in idem pr\u00e9voit qu\u2019un fait mat\u00e9riel ne peut se voir appliquer qu\u2019une seule qualification p\u00e9nale. Ce principe est rappel\u00e9 par la jurisprudence de la chambre criminelle de la Cour de cassation<\/a>. Il est r\u00e9affirm\u00e9 dans un arr\u00eat rendu le 26 octobre 2016.<\/p>\n

Lorsque des faits proc\u00e8dent d\u2019une m\u00eame action et d’une seule intention coupable, alors ils donnent lieu \u00e0 une qualification p\u00e9nale. Selon les juges, cela ne peut \u00eatre autrement.<\/p>\n

Dans cette affaire, on se pose la question de savoir si le fait de fabriquer un faux et le fait de l\u2019utiliser pour exercer des man\u0153uvres frauduleuses, doivent \u00eatre analys\u00e9s comme des faits r\u00e9pondant \u00e0 une seule et m\u00eame intention. Forment-ils une action unique, cr\u00e9ant un concours id\u00e9al de qualifications ?<\/p>\n

Non-cumul des qualifications, une jurisprudence contradictoire<\/strong><\/h3>\n

En 1960, la cour retient un cumul de qualifications dans une hypoth\u00e8se o\u00f9 un fait mat\u00e9riel unique avait atteint des biens diff\u00e9rents. Selon les juges, le principe de non-cumul des qualifications ne justifie pas \u00e0 lui seul que des faits ne peuvent donner lieu \u00e0 deux d\u00e9clarations de culpabilit\u00e9 de nature p\u00e9nale<\/a> concomitantes.<\/p>\n

Pourtant, en 2019, le chambre criminelle rejette le cumul de qualifications. Elle prend cette d\u00e9cision sans consid\u00e9rer que la m\u00eame infraction<\/a> ait pu porter des pr\u00e9judices \u00e0 des biens juridiques diff\u00e9rents. On observe ainsi une contradiction dans la jurisprudence de la Cour de cassation. Elle adopte tant\u00f4t une vision globale de la situation, tant\u00f4t une vision fractionn\u00e9e de l\u2019action du pr\u00e9venu.<\/p>\n

Deux qualifications p\u00e9nales concomitantes<\/strong><\/h2>\n

L\u2019analyse des faits permet de d\u00e9terminer s\u2019il faut raisonner au titre d\u2019une action unique caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par une seule infraction, ou bien s\u2019il faut adopter une vision fractionn\u00e9e du comportement. Dans cette hypoth\u00e8se, des faits mat\u00e9riels distincts justifient un concours r\u00e9el de qualifications distinctes.<\/p>\n

Vision fractionn\u00e9e du comportement<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Dans l\u2019affaire concern\u00e9e, une infirmi\u00e8re lib\u00e9rale est condamn\u00e9e pour escroquerie<\/a>, faux et usage, apr\u00e8s avoir obtenu le remboursement de prestations fictives pour un montant global d\u20191 million d\u2019euros. Le pourvoi est fond\u00e9 sur la violation de la r\u00e8gle ne bis in idem.<\/p>\n

En son application, la fabrication et l\u2019usage de fausses ordonnances ne sauraient fonder \u00e0 la fois la qualification de l\u2019infraction de faux et de celle d\u2019escroquerie.<\/p>\n

Or, la Cour de cassation proc\u00e8de ici \u00e0 une analyse fractionn\u00e9e du comportement de l\u2019accus\u00e9e. Elle distingue le fait mat\u00e9riel de fabrication du faux et le fait mat\u00e9riel d\u2019usage du faux constitutif des man\u0153uvres frauduleuses de l\u2019escroquerie. En effet, il s\u2019agit de deux actions diff\u00e9rentes, au sens physique du terme. L\u2019alt\u00e9ration du support se distingue ainsi de son usage.<\/p>\n

Concours de deux infractions, deux faits mat\u00e9riels<\/strong><\/h3>\n

En pr\u00e9sence de deux faits mat\u00e9riels distincts, les infractions doivent \u00eatre regard\u00e9es comme entrant en concours r\u00e9el. Ainsi, le cumul de qualifications est admis, car les faits mat\u00e9riels sont distincts. En l\u2019esp\u00e8ce, la Cour constate que les juges du fond se fondent sur l’utilisation de la carte vitale du patient<\/a> pour caract\u00e9riser l\u2019escroquerie.<\/p>\n

L’infirmi\u00e8re r\u00e9alise ainsi une facturation de soins fictifs et une man\u0153uvre frauduleuse. Le d\u00e9lit de r\u00e9alisation de faux est fond\u00e9 sur des faits de falsification d\u2019ordonnances. L\u2019escroquerie est fond\u00e9e sur l\u2019utilisation desdits documents \u00e0 des fins de facturation fictive. Il en r\u00e9sulte que la qualification de chaque infraction repose sur deux faits mat\u00e9riels diff\u00e9rents et qu\u2019on admet ainsi le cumul des qualifications de faux et d\u2019escroquerie.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

On distingue l’escroquerie, l\u2019infraction de faux, l\u2019alt\u00e9ration de la v\u00e9rit\u00e9 sur support, et l\u2019usage de faux…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":20549,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[35],"tags":[451,615,613,616,617,581,302,618,37,619,620],"class_list":["post-20548","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-droit-penal","tag-cour-de-cassation","tag-cumul-de-qualification","tag-escroquerie","tag-faits","tag-faux","tag-france","tag-infraction","tag-jurisprudence","tag-penal","tag-qualification","tag-usage-de-faux"],"yoast_head":"\nFaux et escroquerie | Cumul des qualifications - Le blog Avoloi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"En droit p\u00e9nal est-il possible de cumuler la qualification de faux et d'escroquerie ? 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